LITERATURE REVIEW ON ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS: EMBRYOLOGY, GENETICS, TYPES, AND CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Atrial septal defects (ASDs) are among the most common congenital heart defects, characterized by abnormal communications between the atria. This literature review synthesizes current knowledge on embryology, genetics, types, incidence, natural history, associated features, pathophysiology, diagnostics, and management of ASDs, drawing from a comprehensive document on the subject. The review highlights the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in ASD development, the diverse morphological presentations, and the evolving treatment strategies, including catheter-based and surgical interventions. Advances in minimally invasive techniques and their implications for pediatric and adult populations are also discussed.