NEWER ANTIBIOTICS TO COMBAT ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE. NARRATIVE REVIEW AND FUTURE PROSPECTS.

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat to contemporary medicine, particularly to the efficacy of timely and decisive global health interventions targeting infectious diseases. This is primarily due to the systematic misuse and overutilization of antibiotics in human medicine and also agricultural production. Undoubtedly, the extensive or improper application of these medications in agriculture, animals, or humans leads to the development of drug-resistant microorganisms that have adapted to this intense selective pressure. The objective of this study is to investigate the alarming issue of antibiotic resistance and the proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, which have become increasingly prevalent in healthcare facilities worldwide and threaten to impede efforts to control infectious diseases on a global scale. Possible strategies to halt antibiotic resistance are analyzed following a thorough examination of these phenomena and the multiple mechanisms that render certain bacteria resistant to antibiotics that were once effective against infections caused by the same pathogens. Hence, this article centers on the most auspicious novel chemical compounds presently under development that exhibit efficacy against multidrug-resistant organisms and are distinct from conventional antibiotics: To begin with, a comprehensive enumeration of the principal antibacterial agents undergoing clinical development (Phase III) between 2017 and 2022 is provided, with particular emphasis on those that are effective against infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including multidrug-resistant isolates, and Clostridium difficile. The agents in development to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) comprise tetracycline derivatives (e.g., eravacycline), fourth generation fluoroquinolones (delafloxacin), novel combinations of one β-lactam and one β-lactamase inhibitor (e.g., meropenem and vaborbactam), siderophore cephalosporins (cefiderocol and plazomicin), and new aminoglycosides (plazomicin). The text concludes by discussing the potential benefits that may arise from the application of these compounds. Additionally, it acknowledges the existence of additional, albeit underdeveloped methods, such as antibiotic delivery systems utilizing nanoparticles.

Keywords : bacterial isolates; antibiotic resistance; novel antibiotics